An Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Ethical Use, Attitudes Towards Technology, Behavioral Factors and Student Learning Outcomes in Collegiate Aviation Programs

Main Article Content

Daniel Kwasi Adjekum
Zachary Waller
Julius C. Keller

Abstract

Despite the potential opportunities of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbots in higher education, ethical concerns surrounding their use, such as biased data assumptions and plagiarism, have been raised. Despite studies examining these concerns in higher education, there seems to be a gap in evaluating perceptions of constructs: ethical use, attitudes towards technology, behavioral factors, and student learning outcomes relating to Generative AI Chatbots in Collegiate Aviation Programs in the U.S. Using perceptions of aviation students from six universities in the U.S. (n=271), a modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) of the constructs fit the empirical data well; most hypothesized relationships were significantly supported.  The most substantial direct relationship was between attitude towards AI Chatbot use and behavioral intention to use AI Chatbots. Despite deep concerns about the ethical use of AI Chatbots in collegiate aviation programs, the model could explain about 59% of the variances in user behavior, suggesting relatively good user behavior among respondents. Graduate respondents had higher user behavior than first—and second-year undergraduates, who had higher scores on ethical use concerns. Male respondents showed higher user behavior than female respondents. By understanding students’ perceptions, administrators can create well-informed policy guidelines and strategies for the responsible and effective integration of AI Chatbot tools in collegiate aviation programs pedagogy.

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Peer-Reviewed Articles
Author Biographies

Daniel Kwasi Adjekum, University of North Dakota. Aviation Department, John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences

Dr. Daniel Kwasi Adjekum has over 25 years of experience as a former Ghana Airforce VVIP squadron commander, airline pilot, and aviation safety consultant. He has an airline transport pilot license (ATP) and is type-rated on the Britten-Norman BN-2T Islander, Fokker F-27, and Boeing 737 (300-800) series aircraft. He has also flown the Aerovodochody L-29 Dolphin jet trainer and L-39 Albatross light attack jet aircraft.

Dr. Adjekum is an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) designated subject-matter expert in flight safety and an International Air Transport Association (IATA) certified Safety Management Systems (SMS) implementation and control expert. He is also a United States Airforce Safety Center International Flight Safety Officers Course graduate. He also had aircraft accident investigation training with the United States Naval Safety Center.


Dr. Adjekum's academic achievements and professional certifications further underscore his credibility and recognition in the aviation industry. He holds a Master of Science in Aviation and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Aerospace Sciences from the University of North Dakota. As a certified safety professional (CSP) accredited by the Board of Safety Professionals (BCSP) of the United States, he is a trusted authority in the field. His role as an assistant professor at the aviation department (UND). He teaches graduate-level courses in statistics, research methods, SMS, Human Factors and ergonomics, and recently, occupational safety and health in aerospace. He has been a principal investigator (PI) for an inter-collegiate research initiative on aviation safety culture and safety management systems, demonstrating his commitment to advancing the industry's safety standards.

Dr. Adjekum's extensive consulting work for various aviation organizations globally is a testament to his expertise and industry recognition. He has been a prime consultant for safety management systems implementation for the Ghana Airforce and other aviation organizations, as well as for SMS implementation projects for Virgin Nigeria Airlines and UND Aviation. His contributions to the field are not limited to consulting, as he has also published extensively in peer-reviewed academic journals and presented at academic conferences and industry workshops, both in the US and internationally, further solidifying his reputation as a thought leader in aviation safety.

Dr.Adjekum has conducted a safety assessment/audit of the Ghana Airforce Maintenance Safety Program and a post-project standards compliance and certification/acceptance requirements for a new hangar facility. He recently (July 2018) conducted a Human Factors Workshop for aviation personnel of the Ghana Airforce and allied civil aviation entities. The evidence-based training focused on strategies to minimize operational errors due to human factors and operational performance limitations. It is also geared at ensuring proactive safety in aviation operations.

Dr. Adjekum was the principal investigator (PI) for a $756,000 three-year grant from the National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to study safety reporting culture/practices in the Gulf of Mexico area of operations for Offshore Oil and Gas Organizations using exemplars from the aviation safety action program (ASAP). It is the first multi-disciplinary research effort between the aviation department and the petroleum engineering department of UND. An outcome of the study was a safety reporting framework called the Offshore Action Safety Program (OSAP). He is regularly sought after by local, national, and international media houses to provide expert insight on aviation accident investigations and relevant aviation safety issues.

Zachary Waller, University of North Dakota. Aviation Department, John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences

Dr. Zachary Waller is an Associate Professor in the Aviation Department at the University of North Dakota (UND) holding a Ph.D. in Education Foundations and Research and graduate certificates in Quantitative Research Methods and Applied Economics and Predictive Analytics. Dr. Waller teaches several courses related to unmanned aircraft and quantitative research methods coursework within the School of Graduate Studies. He maintains a commercial pilot certificate with instrument and multi-engine ratings. He has developed a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) curriculum with the Air Force Research Lab as well as CAE Inc. Dr. Waller is an active referee for the International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace as well as the annual AUVSI Xcellence Awards and Xponential conference program. Dr. Waller began his tenure at UND in 2014 and has supported several state and federal research efforts examining the unmanned aircraft industry, policy, and regulation. He is presently involved in research regarding cognitive state measurement during RPA training events, certification standards for sUAS operations, and applying aviation safety practices to offshore oil systems.

Julius C. Keller, School of Aviation and Transportation Technology. Purdue University.

Dr. Julius Keller is an associate professor at the SATT, Purdue University, and is currently the Associate Head for Purdue Global Aviation Programs. His primary scholarly areas include research into fatigue among collegiate aviation students, such as UAS undergraduate majors and wildlife strikes. Dr. Keller has also investigated collegiate aviation students' aeronautical decision–making and safety culture. He uses research to promote effective teaching and learning to improve pilot competencies and safety.